Psychological Test An Autistic Child

Cause of Autism

In autistic children, underwent the procedure a standard psychological test that is usually done psychology consultation Bureau-Bureau is generally hard to do. Autistic children are difficult to focus your concentration, understand the test instructions, test time is used efficiently and behave ' pas ' at the time of the execution of the tests. Whereas certain schools often requires psychological test kasil children, or parents may want to know the capacity of the intelligentsia belonging to his son. To find out the problem, we will discuss further about the topic.

In general the intelligence is defined as: a person's Capacity to act in a concerted, rational thinking and dealing effectively with their environment. Intelligence is measured by psychological test tools with the end result of the popular units called IQ (Inteligence Quotient). The composition of the IQ consists of several aspects that fall into two major groups, namely:

a. Verbal IQ

b. Non Verbal IQ

The tests measure IQ child in a comprehensive manner and is commonly used in Indonesia is:

Scale for Childern Inteligence Wechsler (WISC) or

Wechsler Preschool Primary & Scales of Inteligence (WPPSI).

For autistic children which are commonly encountered in language development, it is definitely low verbalnya IQ results. It is not fair when they are sentenced later early mental retardation/mentally reterded. Other barriers, psychological test in General demanded the children working on the problem in a limited time (time limit). But as we know with autistic children, it is very difficult to focus your concentration, so need more time to redirect his attention.

So when intelligence among autistic children is measured by using the test, the results are certainly not reflective of the true potentials. Then how to solution? Select a test to measure the intelligence aspects separately, where one of the proper test is measurement of non Verbal intelligence. Understanding Non Verbal Intelligence: according to the word ' non verbal means ' not affected ' language '.As for the definition of non verbal Intelligence is as follows:

1. The skills that are not related to the language, which improves a person's capacity to function as planned, rational and effective.

Individual with a high Non Verbal Intelligence is usually successful in mathematics, geometry, mechanics, engineering, art and music.

Non verbal intelligence differentiated the two strata of capabilities, including:

a.       LOW ORDER SKILLS

Skills related to the process of interpreting, organizing and manipulating the traits of non symbolic and concrete of the stimulus (such as size, color, shape, texture).

b.      HIGH ORDER SKILLS

More problem solving, reasoning, abstract nature.

To measure the Intelligence of non verbal non verbal psychological test used special. To minimize the role of the language, this test was designed so that the matter is created without using the ' word ', but rather in the form of ' visual presentation/image '. Test instructions as well as the requested response also non verbal (gestures, manipulation of objects, drawing, pointing to an answer).

Skills that can be measured with Non Verbal Intelligence Test, among other things:

1.       Any Discrimination

Measured by asking the children assign images/different words, e.g. where a different elephant – horses – monkeys – a truck.

2.       Generalization

Find the word that has similarities in certain things with the stimulus, for example: which is similar to a tree: the car – a human – run.

3.       Motor behavior

With regard to movement, good fine motor or motor is rough, for example: the manipulation of the block, simply copy the design.

4.       Think induction

Find a rule/pattern on the stimulus, for example, why certain objects can be drawn in magnet?

5.       Comprehension

The general rule that involves understanding.

6.       Sequencing

The ability to see a progressive relationship from a series of stimulus.

7.       Detail recognition

Ability to view the details of a stimulus, usually with a look or make a picture.

8.       The Analogy

With regard to discrimination, generalization, General knowledge and vocabulary.

9.       Abstract Reasoning

The ability to solve problems that demand the capability of induction and abstraction.

1.     Memory

The ability of recall/memory.

1.     Pattern Completing

Identify the missing parts of pictures, patterns, matrices.

1.    General Information

Basic capabilities for answering factual questions.

1.     Vocabulary

The meaning of the word.

CTONI (Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence)

This test consists of 6 different subtest but interconnected in measuring the ability of non verbal intelligence. This test has been empirically tested in the reabilitas or validitasnya (sample used 2901 people from 30 States) and is designed for children aged 6 years to adulthood.

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Vocabulary

Arti dari kata.
 CTONI (Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence)


Tes ini terdiri dari 6 subtest yang berbeda tetapi saling berhubungan dalam mengukur kemampuan inteligensi non verbal. Secara empiris test ini telah teruji reabilitas maupun validitasnya (sampel yang digunakan 2901 orang dari 30 negara bagian) dan dirancang untuk anak usia 6 tahun sampai dewasa.


CTONI merupakan tes non verbal yang mengukur High Order Cognitive Ability :
Problem solving
Reasoning
Abstract thinking


Kemampuan yang diukur adalah :
Penalaran logis
Klasifikasi kategori dan
Panalaran urutan


Adapun presentasi soal berupa :
Gambar benda yang familiar dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
Gambar desain geometris


Hasil akhir dari tes ini berupa indeks
Inteligensi non verbal (keseluruhan)
Inteligensi non verbal gambar
Inteligensi non verbal geometris


Hasil akhir dari NIQ digolongkan sebagai berikut :
131 – 165        Sangat superior
121 – 130        Superior
111 – 120        Di atas rata-rata
90 – 110          Rata-rata
80 – 89            Di bawah rata-rata
70 – 79            Rendah
35 – 69            Sangat rendah


NIQ tinggi berarti individu memiliki kemampuan yang baik dalam :
Melihat hubungan perceptual, logis dan abstrak
Penalaran tanpa kata-kata
Memecahkan teka-teki mental yang melibatkan elemen progresif
Membentuk asosiasi yang berarti antar obyek dan antar disain geometris.


NIQ rendah berarti kesulitan dalam :
Menangani informasi non verbal
Menerima data visual
Mengorganisir materi-materi yang melibatkan ruang / spasial.
Memahami aspek abstrak dari simbol-simbol visual.


PNIQ (pictorial NIQ) adalah indeks dari pemecahan masalah dan penalaran dimana gambar-gambar obyek yang dikenal digunakan dalam tes. Karena gambar-gambar tersebut memiliki naka, maka kemungkinan individu akan menggunakan kata-kata (berbicara/berpikir dalam bentuk kata-kata) ketika melaksanakan tes. Jadi ada pengaruh dari kemampuan verbal individu.


GNIQ (Geometric NIQ) adalah indeks dari pemecahan masalah dan penalaran dimana desain-desain yang tidak dikenal digunakan dalam tes. Karena itu merupakan kemampuan non verbal yang murni. Pada umumnya PNIQ dan GNIQ berada di taraf yang sama, kemungkinan disebabkan oleh aspek kemampuan bahasa (PNIQ > GNIQ).


Penutup :

CTONI dapat menjadi alternative bagi orang tua untuk mengevaluasi kecerdasan anaknya.


Sebagai alat tes non verbal kelebihan CTONI adalah :
Non Language Tes : bersifat lebih universal, peran bahasa dieliminir seminimal mungkin.
Mengukur High Order Skills : kemampuan penalaran lebih tingi.
Work Limit : bukan time limit, jadi kecepatan kerja anak tidak mempengaruhi hasil.

Sumber : Buletin Berita Mandiga, No. 3 / September 2002